Lex Fridman Podcast

Ankur Moitra, Steven Brunton and Alex Kontorovich are three mathematicians who can speak to this incredible moment in the history of mathematics, when AI solved some of its hardest problems: Navier-Stokes, the quasi-Riemann hypothesis, the unique games conjecture and hundreds of other problems. Ankur Moitra is a mathematician at MIT (visiting the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton) working in theoretical computer science, who can speak to the unique games conjecture, complexity theory and the mathematics of how AI learns. Steven Brunton is a mathematician and fluid dynamics expert at UW, who can speak to Navier-Stokes, turbulence and machine learning for fluid dynamics. Alex Kontorovich is a mathematician at Rutgers specializing in number theory, who can speak to the Riemann hypothesis, Lean and machine-checked proofs.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep503-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/math-ai-crisis-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Ankur’s Website: https://people.csail.mit.edu/moitra/
Alex’s X: https://x.com/AlexKontorovich
Alex’s Website: https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~alexk/
Steven’s X: https://x.com/eigensteve
Steven’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@Eigensteve
Steven’s Website: https://eigensteve.com
Lean: https://lean-lang.org/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
Go to https://wisprflow.ai/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
Go to https://blitzy.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to https://netsuite.ai/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:53) – Crisis moment in mathematics
(18:10) – Will AI “solve” mathematics?
(34:21) – Can AI create new math?
(1:13:53) – Riemann hypothesis
(1:37:45) – Navier-Stokes
(2:03:42) – How nature computes
(2:12:35) – Unique Games Conjecture and complexity theory
(2:27:28) – How mathematicians think
(2:41:05) – Is math invented or discovered?
(2:47:13) – Can AI solve P vs NP?
(2:57:28) – Why LLMs work so well
(3:11:54) – Problems AI can’t solve yet
(3:16:23) – Grigori Perelman
(3:25:41) – Advice for young people

Andrew Scull is a historian of psychiatry.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep502-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/andrew-scull-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Andrew’s Website (UCSD faculty page): https://sociology.ucsd.edu/people/faculty/emeritus/andrew-scull.html
Desperate Remedies (book): https://amzn.to/4vmBquI
Madness in Civilization (book): https://amzn.to/3SZhd0I

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
Go to https://wisprflow.ai/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:10) – Crisis in Psychiatry
(37:48) – Categories of Mental Illness
(45:07) – Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
(57:13) – The Ice Pick Lobotomy
(1:03:26) – Malaria “Cure” for Syphilis
(1:21:42) – Insulin Coma Therapy
(1:29:34) – Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
(1:49:03) – One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
(2:06:35) – Freud and Psychoanalysis
(2:36:30) – WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
(2:57:04) – Antipsychotics
(3:20:24) – Antidepressants
(3:33:18) – Future of Psychiatry

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

DHH is the creator of Ruby on Rails, Omarchy Linux, CTO of 37signals, and a racecar driver.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep501-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dhh-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
DHH’s X: https://x.com/dhh
DHH’s Blog: https://world.hey.com/dhh
Omarchy: https://omarchy.org
Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org
37signals: https://37signals.com

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
Go to https://wisprflow.ai/lex
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
Go to https://blitzy.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Plaud: AI-powered note-taking devices and software.
Go to https://plaud.ai/lex
Higgsfield AI: AI-based video generation, filmmaking, and creative studio.
Go to https://higgsfield.ai
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:14) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:56) – Programming with AI agents
(24:14) – How software will change
(33:30) – AI impact on open source
(43:21) – Building Omarchy Linux distro
(53:05) – Vibe coding vs agentic engineering
(1:06:06) – The end of manual programming
(1:16:24) – Advice for programmers
(1:28:31) – Surviving Internet Hate
(1:37:46) – Programming setup for AI Agents
(1:50:11) – Obsessing about speed
(2:13:06) – Voice prompting vs typing
(2:27:05) – Best AI coding models
(2:43:55) – Best AI coding harnesses
(2:56:57) – AI video generation and filmmaking
(3:16:28) – Fatherhood
(3:44:35) – Linux will win the desktop
(3:55:51) – PewDiePie
(4:05:25) – Future of programming
(4:28:18) – Politics and immigration
(4:59:55) – Longevity, over-optimization, and fear of death
(5:11:38) – Eternal recurrence and future of human civization

Khabib Nurmagomedov is one of the greatest fighters of all time, who retired from the UFC undefeated with a perfect 29-0 record. We did this conversation entirely in Russian. It’s translated and dubbed into English. Both language audio tracks (and subtitles) are available on YouTube. Here, only the English audio is available. We worked hard to make it enjoyable to listen to, by carefully dubbing the translation using voice-cloning, as we’ve done for previous foreign-language podcasts.

Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep500-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/khabib-nurmagomedov-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Khabib’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/khabib_nurmagomedov/
Khabib’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@KhabibTheEagle
Khabib’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/KhabibTheEagle/
Khabib’s X: https://x.com/TeamKhabib
Khabib’s Telegram: https://t.me/khabib_nurmagomedov
Khabib’s Website: https://khabib.com

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
Go to https://wisprflow.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:24) – Why Dagestan produces so many great fighters
(18:31) – History of Dagestan warrior culture
(27:51) – Hard training in the mountains of Dagestan
(31:42) – The trap of fame, money, and power
(42:23) – The key to Khabib’s dominance
(53:36) – Discipline and hard work
(1:06:04) – Street fights in Dagestan
(1:19:45) – Khabib’s top pressure
(1:25:29) – Khabib vs Conor McGregor
(1:38:14) – Khabib’s toughest fight
(1:46:02) – Greatest MMA fighters of all time
(2:03:46) – Coaching
(2:09:19) – Daniel Cormier
(2:13:38) – Islam Makhachev
(2:23:35) – Dana White
(2:27:05) – Joe Rogan
(2:29:20) – Ali Abdelaziz
(2:31:57) – Football
(2:39:12) – Messi vs Ronaldo
(2:57:12) – Dubai
(3:01:03) – God
(3:08:46) – Advice for young people

Gary Gallagher is a historian of the American Civil War.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep499-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/gary-gallagher-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Gary’s UVA page: https://history.virginia.edu/people/gary-w-gallagher
Gary’s Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher
The Confederate War (book): https://amzn.to/4yletel
The Union War (book): https://amzn.to/3QT1jED
Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (book): https://amzn.to/4fdrbD5
Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten (book): https://amzn.to/4wFxk1X
The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History (book): https://amzn.to/4vsAogU
The Great Courses – The American Civil War: https://bit.ly/4gDX3mQ

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
Go to https://upwork.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/
Plaud: AI-powered note-taking devices and software.
Go to https://plaud.ai/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:36) – What caused the Civil War?
(18:33) – Slavery
(46:07) – Lincoln
(1:01:03) – Grant vs Lee
(1:09:57) – Could the Civil War have been avoided?
(1:19:23) – The bloodiest war in US history
(1:36:31) – How the Confederate Army could’ve won
(1:57:05) – Key battles of the Civil War
(2:20:07) – Best and Worst Presidents
(2:34:06) – Robert E. Lee
(2:53:40) – The most important battle of the Civil War
(3:03:51) – The final showdown of the Civil War – Grant vs Lee
(3:26:10) – Lost Cause and Confederate Monuments
(3:43:37) – Extreme political division in US

Anthony Kaldellis is a historian of the Roman Empire and author of “The New Roman Empire”, a comprehensive history of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep498-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Anthony’s Books: https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1
Anthony’s Publications: https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com
Anthony’s University of Chicago page: https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis
The New Roman Empire (book): https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk
Streams of Gold (book): https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq
Byzantium & Friends Podcast: https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/
The History of Byzantium Podcast: https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
Go to https://upwork.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:11) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:45) – The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire
(12:42) – 2,200 Years of Roman History
(33:06) – Power, violence, and civil war
(54:20) – Edict of Caracalla
(1:07:17) – Crisis of the Third Century
(1:21:45) – Constantine and the new Roman Empire
(1:33:46) – Christianity in the Roman Empire
(1:59:14) – Fall of the Western Roman Empire
(2:12:11) – Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power
(2:37:17) – Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest
(2:54:19) – The Arab conquests
(3:13:55) – Why the Roman empire survived so long
(3:40:01) – Lessons from history

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep497-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Don’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/
Don’s Website: https://drdonlincoln.com/
Don’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF
Don’s YouTube Playlist: https://bit.ly/3PCIW67
Don’s X: https://x.com/DrDonLincoln
Don’s Books: https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ
Don’s Great Courses: https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln
Don’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4wGioRV
Fermilab’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/fermilab
Fermilab’s Website: https://www.fnal.gov/
Fermilab’s X: https://x.com/fermilab

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
Go to https://upwork.com/lex
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
Go to https://larridin.com
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:52) – Unifying the laws of nature
(23:23) – Einstein, special relativity, and general relativity
(40:31) – Electroweak force
(52:13) – How particle colliders work
(1:10:16) – Higgs boson discovery
(1:20:35) – Theory of everything
(1:50:20) – Physics of empty space
(1:57:45) – Antimatter
(2:18:35) – Dark energy
(2:22:23) – Dark matter
(2:50:59) – Future of physics

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
FFmpeg on X: https://x.com/FFmpeg
FFmpeg: https://ffmpeg.org/
VideoLAN (VLC): https://www.videolan.org/
VideoLAN on X: https://x.com/videolan
Jean-Baptiste’s Website: https://jbkempf.com/
Jean-Baptiste’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/
Jean-Baptiste’s GitHub: https://github.com/jbkempf
Kieran’s X: https://x.com/kierank_
Kieran’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3OORhmC
Kieran’s GitHub: https://github.com/kierank

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
Go to https://larridin.com
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
Go to https://blitzy.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens
(15:12) – How video playback works
(24:33) – Video codecs and containers
(35:20) – FFmpeg explained
(56:20) – Linus Torvalds
(1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free
(1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama
(1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers
(1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg
(1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg
(1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs
(2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing
(2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten)
(2:30:39) – Rust programming language
(2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork
(2:48:17) – Open source burnout
(2:56:04) – x264 and internet video
(3:09:20) – Video compression basics
(3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC
(3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming
(3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents
(3:54:12) – VLC backdoors
(4:04:27) – Video archiving
(4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC

Lars Brownworth is a historian, teacher, podcaster, and author specializing in Viking history, medieval Europe, and the Byzantine Empire.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep495-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/lars-brownworth-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Lars’s Website: https://larsbrownworth.com/
The Sea Wolves (book): https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Wolves-History-Vikings/dp/1909979120
Lars’s Books: https://amzn.to/4sHY0xw
12 Byzantine Rulers Podcast : https://12byzantinerulers.com/
Norman Centuries Podcast: https://apple.co/4sgSxNi

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
Go to https://larridin.com
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:03) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:57) – The start of the Viking Age
(18:50) – Viking military strategy, tactics & technology
(32:33) – Ragnar Lothbrok
(42:00) – The Great Heathen Army
(46:42) – Rollo and Normandy
(56:54) – Viking religion and Valhalla
(1:07:25) – Viking explorers
(1:12:33) – Vikings in North America
(1:25:55) – Vikings in the East
(1:45:33) – Byzantine Empire
(1:54:17) – History and human nature

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jensen Huang is the co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, the world’s most valuable company and the engine powering the AI computing revolution.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep494-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jensen-huang-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
NVIDIA: https://nvidia.com
NVIDIA on X: https://x.com/nvidia
NVIDIA AI on X: https://x.com/NVIDIAAI
NVIDIA on YouTube: https://youtube.com/@nvidia
NVIDIA on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nvidia/
NVIDIA on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/nvidia/
NVIDIA on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NVIDIA/
NVIDIA on GitHub: https://github.com/NVIDIA
Nemotron: https://developer.nvidia.com/nemotron

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:26) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(06:34) – Extreme co-design and rack-scale engineering
(09:20) – How Jensen runs NVIDIA
(28:41) – AI scaling laws
(43:41) – Biggest blockers to AI scaling laws
(45:25) – Supply chain
(47:20) – Memory
(53:25) – Power
(58:45) – Elon and Colossus
(1:02:13) – Jensen’s approach to engineering and leadership
(1:07:38) – China
(1:15:51) – TSMC and Taiwan
(1:21:06) – NVIDIA’s moat
(1:26:43) – AI data centers in space
(1:30:31) – Will NVIDIA be worth $10 trillion?
(1:40:40) – Leadership under pressure
(1:54:26) – Video games
(2:01:18) – AGI timeline
(2:03:31) – Future of programming
(2:17:02) – Consciousness
(2:23:23) – Mortality

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jeff Kaplan is a legendary Blizzard game designer of World of Warcraft and Overwatch, now preparing to launch a new game, The Legend of California, from his new studio Kintsugiyama – available to wishlist on Steam today, with alpha later in March.
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EPISODE LINKS:
The Legend of California (Steam Page): https://store.steampowered.com/app/2550530/The_Legend_of_California
Jeff’s Game Studio: https://www.kintsugiyama.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:24) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:47) – Early games: Pac-Man, Zork, Doom, Quake
(25:12) – Writing career – 170 rejection letters
(40:45) – EverQuest obsession
(53:43) – Getting hired at Blizzard
(1:09:11) – Lowest point in Jeff’s life
(1:15:16) – One of Us
(1:19:33) – Early Blizzard culture
(1:39:15) – Building World of Warcraft
(1:56:59) – How WoW changed video games
(2:14:21) – Single-player vs Multi-player
(2:35:15) – How Blizzard made great video games
(3:01:04) – Online toxicity
(3:08:38) – Why Titan failed
(3:25:48) – Overwatch in six weeks
(3:52:46) – Best Overwatch heroes
(4:01:16) – The challenge of matchmaking
(4:04:40) – Rust
(4:15:01) – Why Jeff left Blizzard
(4:37:14) – Diablo IV
(4:38:42) – Getting back to making video games
(4:47:38) – The Legend of California
(5:01:23) – Greatest video game of all time
(5:09:30) – AI and future of video games

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Rick Beato is a music educator, interviewer, producer, songwriter, and a true multi-instrument musician, playing guitar, bass, cello & piano. His incredible YouTube channel celebrates great musicians & musical ideas, and helps millions of people fall in love with great music all over again.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/rick-beato-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Rick’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/RickBeato
Rick’s X: https://x.com/rickbeato
Rick’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/rickbeato1
Rick’s Website: https://rickbeato.com
Rick’s Ear Training: https://beatoeartraining.com
The Beato Book: https://beatobook.com

SPONSORS:
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Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:28) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:17) – Guitar solos
(13:16) – Gypsy jazz and Django Reinhardt
(14:48) – Bebop jazz
(19:00) – Perfect pitch vs relative pitch
(23:37) – Learning to play guitar
(47:08) – Miles Davis
(52:34) – Bass guitar
(53:41) – Greatest guitar solos of all time
(1:22:56) – 27 Club
(1:27:37) – Elton John
(1:30:51) – Metallica
(1:35:21) – Tom Waits
(1:41:12) – Greatest rock stars
(1:44:35) – Beethoven
(1:51:10) – Bach
(1:54:01) – AI in music
(2:07:52) – Sabrina Carpenter
(2:11:23) – YouTube copyright strikes
(2:16:59) – Spotify
(2:27:51) – Guitars
(2:32:13) – Advice

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Peter Steinberger is the creator of OpenClaw, an open-source AI agent framework that’s the fastest-growing project in GitHub history.
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https://lexfridman.com/peter-steinberger-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Peter’s X: https://x.com/steipete
Peter’s GitHub: https://github.com/steipete
Peter’s Website: https://steipete.com
Peter’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/steipete
OpenClaw Website: https://openclaw.ai
OpenClaw GitHub: https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw
OpenClaw Discord: https://discord.gg/openclaw

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:29) – OpenClaw origin story
(18:48) – Mind-blowing moment
(28:15) – Why OpenClaw went viral
(32:12) – Self-modifying AI agent
(36:57) – Name-change drama
(54:07) – Moltbook saga
(1:02:26) – OpenClaw security concerns
(1:11:07) – How to code with AI agents
(1:42:02) – Programming setup
(1:48:45) – GPT Codex 5.3 vs Claude Opus 4.6
(1:57:52) – Best AI agent for programming
(2:19:52) – Life story and career advice
(2:23:49) – Money and happiness
(2:27:41) – Acquisition offers from OpenAI and Meta
(2:44:51) – How OpenClaw works
(2:56:09) – AI slop
(3:02:13) – AI agents will replace 80% of apps
(3:10:50) – Will AI replace programmers?
(3:22:50) – Future of OpenClaw community

Nathan Lambert and Sebastian Raschka are machine learning researchers, engineers, and educators. Nathan is the post-training lead at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of The RLHF Book. Sebastian Raschka is the author of Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) and Build a Reasoning Model (From Scratch).
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep490-sc
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ai-sota-2026-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:39) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(16:29) – China vs US: Who wins the AI race?
(25:11) – ChatGPT vs Claude vs Gemini vs Grok: Who is winning?
(36:11) – Best AI for coding
(43:02) – Open Source vs Closed Source LLMs
(54:41) – Transformers: Evolution of LLMs since 2019
(1:02:38) – AI Scaling Laws: Are they dead or still holding?
(1:18:45) – How AI is trained: Pre-training, Mid-training, and Post-training
(1:51:51) – Post-training explained: Exciting new research directions in LLMs
(2:12:43) – Advice for beginners on how to get into AI development & research
(2:35:36) – Work culture in AI (72+ hour weeks)
(2:39:22) – Silicon Valley bubble
(2:43:19) – Text diffusion models and other new research directions
(2:49:01) – Tool use
(2:53:17) – Continual learning
(2:58:39) – Long context
(3:04:54) – Robotics
(3:14:04) – Timeline to AGI
(3:21:20) – Will AI replace programmers?
(3:39:51) – Is the dream of AGI dying?
(3:46:40) – How AI will make money?
(3:51:02) – Big acquisitions in 2026
(3:55:34) – Future of OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, xAI, Meta
(4:08:08) – Manhattan Project for AI
(4:14:42) – Future of NVIDIA, GPUs, and AI compute clusters
(4:22:48) – Future of human civilization

Paul Rosolie is a naturalist, explorer, author of a new book titled Junglekeeper, and is someone who has dedicated his life to protecting the Amazon rainforest.
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https://lexfridman.com/paul-rosolie-3-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Junglekeeper (new book): https://amzn.to/4q7vpAp
Paul’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/paulrosolie
Junglekeepers Website: https://junglekeepers.org
Paul’s Website: https://paulrosolie.com
Mother of God (book): https://amzn.to/3ww2ob1

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(12:00) – Uncontacted tribes in the Amazon Jungle
(19:46) – Intense new encounter
(42:52) – Never-before-seen footage of tribe warriors
(56:08) – The mysteries of the jungle
(1:10:43) – Tribe’s diet: Monkeys, turtles, and turtle eggs
(1:20:19) – Jane Goodall
(1:26:31) – Advice for young people
(1:35:45) – Cartel, Narco-traffickers & assassination attempts
(1:57:45) – Climbing the giant tree
(2:08:43) – Giant anaconda
(2:26:01) – Rescuing a spider monkey
(2:32:05) – Dangerous animal encounters
(2:42:13) – Writing, journaling, and great writer inspirations

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Joel David Hamkins is a mathematician and philosopher specializing in set theory, the foundations of mathematics, and the nature of infinity, and he’s the #1 highest-rated user on MathOverflow. He is also the author of several books, including Proof and the Art of Mathematics and Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics. And he has a great blog called Infinitely More.
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https://lexfridman.com/joel-david-hamkins-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Joel’s X: https://x.com/JDHamkins
Joel’s Website: https://jdh.hamkins.org
Joel’s Substack: https://www.infinitelymore.xyz
Joel’s MathOverflow: https://mathoverflow.net/users/1946/joel-david-hamkins
Joel’s Papers: https://jdh.hamkins.org/publications
Joel’s Books:
Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3MThaAt
Proof and the Art of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3YACc9A

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:40) – Infinity & paradoxes
(1:02:50) – Russell’s paradox
(1:15:57) – Gödel’s incompleteness theorems
(1:33:28) – Truth vs proof
(1:44:52) – The Halting Problem
(2:00:45) – Does infinity exist?
(2:18:19) – MathOverflow
(2:22:12) – The Continuum Hypothesis
(2:31:58) – Hardest problems in mathematics
(2:41:25) – Mathematical multiverse
(3:00:18) – Surreal numbers
(3:10:55) – Conway’s Game of Life
(3:13:11) – Computability theory
(3:23:04) – P vs NP
(3:26:21) – Greatest mathematicians in history
(3:40:05) – Infinite chess
(3:58:24) – Most beautiful idea in mathematics

Irving Finkel is a scholar of ancient languages and a longtime curator at the British Museum, renowned for his expertise in Mesopotamian history and cuneiform writing. He specializes in reading and interpreting cuneiform inscriptions, including tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian contexts. He became widely known for studying a tablet with a Mesopotamian flood story that predates the biblical Noah narrative, which he presented in his book “The Ark Before Noah” and in a documentary that involved building a circular ark based on the tablet’s technical instructions.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Irving’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drirvingfinkel/
The Ark Before Noah (book): https://amzn.to/4j2U0DW
Irving Lectures Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYXwZvOwHjVcFUi9iEqirkXRaCUJdXGha
British Museum Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0LQM0SAx603A6p5EJ9DVcESqQReT7QyK
British Museum Website: https://www.britishmuseum.org/
The Great Diary Project: https://thegreatdiaryproject.co.uk/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:43) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:53) – Origins of human language
(15:59) – Cuneiform
(23:12) – Controversial theory about Göbekli Tepe
(34:23) – How to write and speak Cuneiform
(39:42) – Primitive human language
(41:26) – Development of writing systems
(42:20) – Decipherment of Cuneiform
(54:51) – Limits of language
(59:51) – Art of translation
(1:05:01) – Gods
(1:10:25) – Ghosts
(1:20:13) – Ancient flood stories
(1:30:21) – Noah’s Ark
(1:41:44) – The Royal Game of Ur
(1:54:43) – British Museum
(2:02:08) – Evolution of human civilization

Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University working on novel ways to understand and control complex pattern formation in biological systems.
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See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/michael-levin-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Michael Levin’s X: https://x.com/drmichaellevin
Michael Levin’s Website: https://drmichaellevin.org
Michael Levin’s Papers: https://drmichaellevin.org/publications/
– Biological Robots: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00880
– Classical Sorting Algorithms: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05375
– Aging as a Morphostasis Defect: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38636560/
– TAME: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10346
– Synthetic Living Machines: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.abf1571

SPONSORS:
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Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform.
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MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:09) – Biological intelligence
(18:42) – Living vs non-living organisms
(23:55) – Origin of life
(27:40) – The search for alien life (on Earth)
(1:00:44) – Creating life in the lab – Xenobots and Anthrobots
(1:13:46) – Memories and ideas are living organisms
(1:27:26) – Reality is an illusion: The brain is an interface to a hidden reality
(2:13:13) – Unexpected Intelligence in sorting algorithms
(2:38:51) – Can aging be reversed?
(2:42:41) – Mind uploading
(3:01:22) – Alien intelligence
(3:16:17) – Advice for young people
(3:22:46) – Questions for AGI

David Kirtley is a nuclear fusion engineer and CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building the world’s first commercial fusion power plant by 2028.
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https://lexfridman.com/david-kirtley-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
David’s X: https://x.com/dekirtley
David’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4qX0KXp
Helion: https://www.helionenergy.com/
Helion’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/HelionEnergy

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:35) – Nuclear fission vs fusion
(21:35) – Physics of E=mc^2
(26:50) – Is nuclear fusion safe?
(32:11) – Chernobyl
(38:38) – Geopolitics
(40:33) – Extreme scenarios
(47:28) – How nuclear fusion works
(1:20:20) – Extreme temperatures
(1:25:21) – Fusion control and simulation
(1:37:15) – Electricity from fusion
(2:11:20) – First fusion power plant in 2028
(2:18:13) – Energy needs of GPU clusters
(2:28:38) – Kardashev scale
(2:36:33) – Fermi Paradox

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Dan Houser is co-founder of Rockstar Games and is a legendary creative mind behind Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and Red Dead Redemption series of video games.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep484-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dan-houser-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Absurd Adventures: https://absurdventures.com
A Better Paradise: https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0FCYSK8VD
American Caper: https://absurdventures.com/americancaper

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:32) – Greatest films of all time
(23:45) – Making video games
(26:36) – GTA 3
(29:55) – Open world video games
(32:42) – Character creation
(36:09) – Superintelligent AI in A Better Paradise
(45:21) – Can LLMs write video games?
(49:41) – Creating GTA 4 and GTA 5
(1:01:16) – Hard work and Rockstar’s culture of excellence
(1:04:56) – GTA 6
(1:21:46) – Red Dead Redemption 2
(2:01:39) – DLCs for GTA and Red Dead Redemption
(2:07:58) – Leaving Rockstar Games
(2:17:22) – Greatest game of all time
(2:22:10) – Life lessons from father
(2:24:29) – Mortality
(2:41:47) – Advice for young people
(2:47:49) – Future of video games

PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips