Notes on the Week Ahead

This article, while nominally titled “Notes on the Week Ahead”, usually detours almost immediately into other issues. However, since we’ve entered what Chairman Warsh describes as an “information-rich” period, it is worth taking a look at just what markets are likely to learn from the data and events of the next few days.

The housing market is haunted. It’s haunted by the legacy of too-easy monetary policy for well over a decade which allowed prices to vault higher in the post-pandemic boom. It’s haunted by tariffs and immigration policies that are simultaneously raising the cost of home-building and limiting population growth and, thus, the demand for new housing. And it’s being haunted by the Fed, whose attempts to manipulate the economy are shrugged off by almost all other sectors, leaving housing alone in its vulnerability to rate swings.

This has been a year of distinct seasons for financial markets. The first quarter was dominated by the joint U.S./Israeli attack on Iran and its aftermath. The second was about booming tech earnings. The third quarter saw a sharp rise in long-term interest rates due, in part, to new leadership at the Federal Reserve. In the fourth quarter, the focus will be on U.S. midterm elections and their implications for the economy and markets.

On balance, I don’t believe that the Federal Reserve should have raised interest rates last week. However, I must confess that there was one reference in Chairman Warsh’s press conference that left me distinctly uneasy. He noted that year-over-year inflation rates, as measured by the core personal consumption expenditure (PCE) deflator and the core consumer price index (CPI) were running at about 3.2% and 2.4% respectively.

In the Broadway musical, Fiddler on the Roof, Tevye, the well-meaning patriarch of a poor family, has to make some tough choices in a complicated time. Tevye, (who always reminded me of my father-in-law, Bill), has trouble deciding and three times during the play the music comes to a halt as he wanders through a long soliloquy of “on the other hand’s”.

The Federal Reserve also has a tough choice to make in a complicated time. We now believe that they will raise rates this week. However, it is important to understand the logical twists and turns needed to reach that conclusion in order to trace out a potential path forward for the economy, interest rates and asset class returns.

To bring some structure to the argument, the issues can be divided into three sections: the economy, the FOMC itself and the importance of Fed credibility.

The era of low growth, low inflation and super-low interest rates that followed the Great Financial Crisis was christened by Mohamed El-Erian as “The New Normal”. While this episode largely came to an end with the post-pandemic growth and inflation surge, real interest rates had generally remained below the levels that prevailed in the decades before the financial crisis until recently. However, a steady bond market selloff in 2026, which accelerated over the summer, has now pushed real long-term Treasury yields to their highest levels since 2010.

In a generally upbeat Jackson Hole speech on Friday, Fed Chairman Kevin Warsh asserted that “labor markets are consistent with full employment”. Given that the current unemployment rate, at 4.1%, is the lowest it’s been in 18 months and is also lower than it has been 88% of the time over the past 50 years, it is hard to argue with the Chairman’s assessment.

Money was tight in our early married years. We bought a house we couldn’t afford, purchased a car we couldn’t afford and had all the expenses attendant on the raising of two young boys. However, as we wandered the local mall gazing at all the other things we couldn’t afford, we were always willing to stop into Godiva to get chocolate squares. Godiva was, of course, more expensive than Hershey bars. But no one was going to go broke buying chocolate squares – it just wasn’t a big enough item to feature in our budgetary woes.

The summer of 2026 has been dominated by the AI boom. Some fear that AI is advancing too quickly for thoughtful regulation. Others worry that end-user revenues will lag too far behind massive capital spending and fast-growing debt. From an economic perspective, AI is pure momentum, generating huge profit gains, adding to investment spending, boosting upper-income consumer spending via a wealth effect and coinciding with very solid gains in productivity.

No one liked the defendant. That much was clear. But when the jury retired to consider their verdict, they hardly knew where to start. The case was so confusing and the judge’s instructions hardly seemed adequate. “Perhaps”, suggested the foreman, “we should start with a list of questions…”

The earnings season has started with a blast. As of Friday morning, 49 of the S&P500 companies had reported second-quarter earnings, with 85% beating expectations and the index on track for a blockbuster 23% year-over-year gain for the quarter. According to FactSet, analysts now expect S&P500 operating earnings to reach $340.74 for 2026 as a whole, up 24% from 2025, following strong back-to-back gains of 10% and 13% in 2024 and 2025 respectively.

Alan Greenspan, who served as Fed Chairman for almost 20 years, died last month at the age of 100. He was a talented and faithful public servant who guided U.S. monetary policy through the stock market crash of 1987, the boom years of the 1990s and the dot-com bubble. He was thoughtful and witty in his public comments. However, he seemed to regard a lack of clarity as almost a virtue. He inherited a Fed that had always been reticent to communicate and he largely maintained that cloak of secrecy.

Despite very average economic performance, consumer sentiment remains at extraordinarily low levels. While there are many interesting aspects to this phenomenon, one is of particular relevance to investors. As we show on page 32 of the Guide to the Markets, peaks and troughs in consumer sentiment have, for many years, been powerful contra-indicators of stock market performance over the subsequent 12 months. However, does this relationship still hold, if the reason for weak sentiment is beyond the realm of a rational assessment of broad economic conditions?

In the pantheon of running injuries, there is a well-established hierarchy. A recreational runner, finishing any marathon, or exerting themselves at half that distance, can expect to come down with delayed onset muscle soreness, otherwise known as DOMS. Starting from barely a twinge at the finish line, the pain rises in intensity over the next few days, with your quads telling you firmly that your running days are over. But then it fades and a week later you should be running like a spring lamb again.

Last week, as a frothy stock market continued to zigzag across a high plateau, two events occurred with significant implications for the macroeconomic outlook. First, the President signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Iran, potentially bringing the Iran war to a close. Second, Kevin Warsh presided over his first meeting as Fed Chairman, resulting in a slightly more hawkish tilt to monetary policy in the short run and the promise of significant reform in the long run.

Last Wednesday’s CPI report, while not a surprise, still showed a year-over-year inflation rate of 4.2% - higher than in any month since April, 2023. For investors, this raises a number of questions. First, is this the peak for U.S. inflation and, if it is, how fast will inflation fall from here? Second, are we looking at the right inflation rate, anyway, given differences between CPI and PCE deflators, headline and core measures and the new Fed Chairman’s preference for trimmed mean and median readings?

Two weeks ago, Sari and I took a vacation - an extended road trip down the East Coast as far as Charleston and then inland back to New York through the Appalachians. On a long driving stretch on the way back, we stopped at a Jersey Mike’s just off the highway for some much needed nourishment. As we were waiting to pay, a talkative man, in the height of good humor, was ordering behind us. I don’t know if he knew anyone working at the store, but he acted as if he did. He said he’d just got a job after five months searching and he was going to celebrate - by buying two big subs - one for that evening and another to put in the fridge for the next night.

The Financial Accounts of the United States is a quarterly Federal Reserve publication containing a great many large numbers but very little commentary, presumably because the authors feel the numbers speak for themselves. And the numbers do speak rather loudly.

In 19th century English novels, so-called “quarter days” often provided a chronological backdrop to the plot. A relic of medieval times, the quarter days were Lady Day (March 25th), Midsummer Day (June 24th), Michaelmas (September 29th) and Christmas Day (December 25th). These were the dates upon which rents were paid, leases expired and employment contracts took effect. Quarter days were often when the landlords of Austen expected their income, the impoverished families of Dickens had to cough up their rents and the farmworkers of Hardy would move on to their next place of employment. In short, they were days of accounting and reckoning.

On Tuesday, the Senate Banking Committee will hold hearings to consider the nomination of Kevin Warsh to be the next Fed chair. His confirmation will likely be delayed until the Justice Department’s investigation into Jerome Powell is fully resolved. Despite this, Mr. Warsh’s answers to the committee’s questions could shed light on the future direction of monetary policy.