SEA: Space Exploration & Astronomy

What is the largest star, and where can it be found? For a few years now, it has been known as Stephenson 2-18, often claimed to boast a diameter more than 2,100 times our sun’s. But is this estimate really reliable? And if not, then what other giant stars may be lurking out there? These are the questions we will be aiming to answer as we wind back the clock in search of the real “largest star”.

MUSIC:

- Holographic Rain - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37aEn7yuChQ)

- Strange Visions (Giuseppe Rizzo)

- Endless Mist (Enzo Orefice)

- Dystopia - Instrumental (Efliz)

- Nights of Darkness 01 - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwC9HZv7Zw0)

- Static Balance (Enzo Orefice)

- Agnus Dei (Michele Nobler)

- Light the Way (Enzo Orefice)

Artists:

- Enzo Orefice: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/

- CO.AG’s music channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

CHAPTERS:

00:00: What is the Largest Star?

01:48: It’s Not Stephenson 2-18

05:20: Modern-day Contenders

11:30: Primordial Stars

15:47: Quasi-Stars

18:11: MoM BH*-1: Webb’s New Black Hole Star

22:28: A Source of Galactic Engines?

26:20: The REAL “Largest Star”

Far beyond the reaches of the four rocky planets, we find our Solar System's showpiece worlds- the two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. As the two largest planets, they both make tantalising targets for probes exploring the planetary neighbourhood, but both lie significantly further from the sun than the Earth and its terrestrial neighbours. But early in the 1970s, the technology for deep space voyages was primed, and missions to both Jupiter and Saturn ensued. Those missions make up the topic of our video today, in this second episode of our trilogy of Probes that Studied the Solar System.

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Welcome Back

01:52: The Gas Giants

04:11: When Planets Align

08:15: Pioneer 10's Journey to Jupiter

12:46: Pioneer 11's Jupiter Journey

15:10: Pioneer 11's Saturn Encounter

16:59: A Postcard from Humanity

18:46: The Galileo Spacecraft

24:27: Cassini-Huygens Spacecraft

29:11: Landing on Titan

32:14: Enceladus' Underground Ocean

33:55: Other Studies: Rings & Storms

36:52: Cassini's Grand Finale

38:38: Future Missions to the Gas Giants

42:33: To be Continued...

In 2012, the world’s most advanced science experiment uncovered the signature of the Higgs Boson, the so-called “God Particle” which gives particles their masses. The Higgs was the last of the Standard Model's particles to be verified experimentally. But far from closing the case, it instead opened a new frontier in physics that today embodies everything we still don’t know about nature’s smallest scales. And so in this video, we will wind back the clock more than half a century, to unravel the history and mysteries of the elusive Higgs Boson.

SOUNDTRACK:

- “Adega” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2faIhMd5GY)

- “Cold Constellations” - Enzo Orefice

- “No Eyes in the Fog” - Enzo Orefice

- “Creepy Dolls” - Efliz

- “Vanished Minds” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPQM8Twz5ec)

- “Orbiting Dreams” - Enzo Orefice

- “Sunrise” - Enzo Orefice

- “Parallel Dimensions” - Enzo Orefice

- “Hidden Presence” - Enzo Orefice

- “I Vanish When the Sun Awakens” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5fLFlAI0Fw)Artists:

- Enzo Orefice: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/

- CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic/videos

CHAPTERS:

00:00: The Standard Model

01:58: The Higgs Field

04:53: The Weak Force Problem

08:12: Early Particle Colliders

12:14: The Large Hadron Collider

14:04: Detecting the Higgs Particle

18:31: Sigma Significance

20:23: Discovery in 2012

23:26: Naturalness vs. Fine Tuning

27:01: Supersymmetry

29:54: Future Colliders

32:05: Vacuum Decay

Why does the universe choose life over silence? Why has its once inanimate matter and energy come alive on planet Earth? Is it chance? Fate? Or even, by design? It is this profound question that has plagued our conscious minds since the time of our earliest ancestors, and it is going to be the topic of our video today.

This video is my oldest idea, and I was planning for it as early as 2021. A massive thank you to the artist Semiquaver for composing the soundtrack that brought this vision to life.

SOUNDTRACK:

The soundtrack for this video was crafted by Semiquaver, an ambient music and soundscape artist who I'd been following for a while, and knew he was perfect for the job.

His channel can be found here: @semiquaver16th , where he regularly releases new soundscapes and compositions.

The full, 37 minute track will be available to listen to here: https://youtu.be/WQQhwggE6Bo

CHAPTERS:

0:00: What Does It Mean?

1:55: Cosmic Fine-Tuning

7:22: The Universe is Infinite

10:45: Parallel Universes

14:47: Design Hypothesis

18:56: Cosmic Consciousness

22:02: Boltzmann Brain

25:03: We Are Alone

28:30: Theory of Everything

Can we ever turn back the clock? On Earth, Time is rigid and immovable, but in space, it's practically the opposite. Out in the cosmos, time is another dimension alongside the three of space- but unlike in 3D space, there is only one way we seem to be able to move through time. The cause of this directionality, and so-called "Arrow of Time" through the cosmos, makes up the topic of our video today- the second part in a double header on the mysterious workings of Time.

SOUNDTRACK:

The first and last tracks in this video were composed by Semiquaver, an ambient soundscape music artist. He and I will be working on an original piece specially for the soundtrack to my final video of the year, so go and check him out before then:@semiquaver16th

The other tracks were composed by CO.AG Music, my go-to-guy for such high quality pieces: @co.agmusic

"Why Me?" - Semiquaver: https://youtu.be/kfp-Qm99BTY?si=ZOUiOTxLgpkHgWhd

"Space is as Clear as Dreaming" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/FQ42GG9ReC4?si=ceWagFlaEY3qOiuH

"You Can Escape Everything in This Life Except Yourself" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/O58i-jHGYVs?si=mSBKH-WITwGaLV1z

"Old Tape Haunting Soundscape" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/LT_APDKFEjU?si=M7h8OTIyC5QtV0Px

"I Will Awaken When the Sun Sleeps" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/IshEmQXBi7g?si=mzCVDnGXV28K0Tzp

CHAPTERS

00:00: Welcome Back...

01:56: The Fourth Dimension

06:28: Time Dilation

11:15: Forward Time Travel

12:42: General Relativity

15:00 Backwards Time Travel

18:38: The Second Law

21:49: Reverse Entropy

23:48: Out of Time

Tick. Tock. It's a sound you probably hear several times a day. Time dominates virtually every aspect of our lives, attuned to the rigid, unflinching regularity of Hours, Minutes and Seconds. The question how did our ancient ancestors figure out these units? Who came up with the concepts of timekeeping, like Minutes and Seconds, and why are there 60 of them, and not say, 100? The answers to such questions make up the topic of our video today- the first in a two-part series on the mysterious workings of Time.

Tick. Tock. It's a sound you probably hear several times a day. Time dominates virtually every aspect of our lives, attuned to the rigid, unflinching regularity of Hours, Minutes and Seconds. The question how did our ancient ancestors figure out these units? Who came up with the concepts of timekeeping, like Minutes and Seconds, and why are there 60 of them, and not say, 100? The answers to such questions make up the topic of our video today- the first in a two-part series on the mysterious workings of Time. This one was both a challenge and a privilege to work on, Part 2 will be released towards the end of the month and will be... different. Join my Discord Server: https://discord.com/invite/seaMerchandise: https://the-sea-store.creator-spring.comContent Disclaimer:All the content in this video was researched, written up, narrated and then put together by me (Sam). I do this as a full time job because I enjoy it. I do not use AI for any part of my creative process, and my voice is my personal property and not authorised to be replicated anywhere else. You can support the channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sea_mediaPatrons get early access to new videos and sneak peeks, as well as ad-free access to existing episodes!SOUNDTRACK (In order of appearance):

“Hologram” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPFkyyslcb4)

“Lost in the Motions of Time” - The Turquoise Moon

“Do Not Enter: Horror Background” - The Turquoise Moon

“Eyes of Quartz & Obsidian” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNULQQZJIMs)

“Calm Gratitude” - The Turquoise Moon

“Deep Meditation” - The Turquoise Moon

“Summer Evening Soundbath” - The Turquoise Moon

“An Ambient Dream” - The Turquoise Moon

CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Tick Tock

02:58: Ancient Timekeeping

05:15: Timekeeping in Ancient Egypt

10:03: Maths in Mesopotamia

15:22: Pars Minuta

17:08: Mechanical Clocks

20:39: Railway Time

22:41: Greenwich Meantime

23:51: Quartz Clocks

26:18: Atomic Clocks

Aliens. They already roam this planet, but not on its surface or in the skies. Rather, they lie at the crushing depths of the vast, sprawling oceans. And so in this episode, we'll be swapping the familiar frontier of space for that of the deep ocean, as we plunge into the abyss in search of Leviathans- massive, monstrous marine specimens that have stalked the high seas for almost half a billion years.

SOUNDTRACK:

Many of the tracks in this video were composed by CO.AG Music, my go-to-guy for such high quality pieces

"Someone Else's Problems" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQp7YuV-leM)

"Centeon Dreams" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_fyyuO5ZZE)

"Forbidden Apostle" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB9ybYQoKu4)

"The Anunnaki Return" - Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

"Choose Your Next Move" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abm56ceJi6Y)

"Ocean Breath" - Enzo Orefice (StoryBlocks Media)

"Echoes of the Unknown" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir8r9k0L0HA)

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Aliens of the Deep

01:36: Leviathan Sea Serpents

06:04: Megalodon: The Megatooth Shark

09:32: Marine Reptiles

13:07: Prehistoric Whales

17:55: The Blue Whale: Largest Creature Ever

21:07: The Bloop: Larger than a Blue Whale?

23:46: Invertebrate Deep Sea Giants

28:12: Siphonophores

On the dark, secluded underside of our planet, we find its most alien continent, Antarctica. A frozen desert larger than Europe, lying atop a sheet containing more than 90% of the world’s ice. But buried beneath this frosty surface, lie fossils and relics from an age where Antarctica was wildly different- covered not by ice, but by forests of trees.

SOUNDTRACK:

"Black Star" - Lustmord

Song: https://lustmord.bandcamp.com/track/black-star

Artist: https://lustmord.bandcamp.com

“Frozen in Darkness, the Shadowed Halls Underscore” - CO.AG

‘Futuristic Alien Videogame Music” - StoryBlocks Media

“Incredulity” by Scott Buckley (Creative Commons 4.0 International License):

Song: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/incredulity/

Artist: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/

“Frozen City, Mysterious Fantasy Orchestra” - StoryBlocks Media

“If you love me” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jq1FJ_S73tg

“This Machine Managed to Trick Time” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxQtQJ8wiyQ

“Delay Time” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JVunbxm1MI

“Mysterious Darkness, Reveal Fear” - StoryBlocks Media
CHAPTERS:

00:00: The Seventh Continent

03:48: The Southern Ocean

05:55: The Great Ice Sheet

07:14: West Antarctica

09:21: East Antarctica

11:52: Gondwana: Antarctica’s Past

15:38: Ross Island

16:44: Race to the South Pole

19:34: Little America Bases

21:37: McMurdo Station

23:53: Alien Environments in Antarctica

28:36: The Doomsday Glacier

Long ago, the Earth's seven continents were assembled in a giant, sprawling supercontinent known as Pangea. You may've heard of it, but what is often less talked about is what came before. Our planet's current continental chunks have been smashing together and separating for over four billion years, and there have been more than a few "supercontinents" during that time. It is those lost lands that take the stage in this video, as we wind the clock back to the age of the Supercontinents before Pangea.

BACKGROUND MUSIC: (In order of appearance)

- Meanwhile | Scott Buckley: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/meanwhile/

- Ambient Cave | Storyblocks

- Everyone Parts with Everything Eventually | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/obyY4n352to?si=eY6KSlBPlWEXcRH8

- Dream a Silent Journey | Storyblocks

- Ambient Strings and Solo Cello for Meditation | Storyblocks

- Lost in Place | Storyblocks

- Time Drift | CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tQiFbOhHBY&t

- The Disappearance | CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLjXuckODT8

- Lost at Sea | Storyblocks

- Ascension | Storyblocks

CO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

Scott Buckley’s track can be found on his website – released under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.au

CHAPTERS:

00:00: The Supercontinent Cycle

02:53: Plate Tectonics & Forming Land

05:57: Cratons

08:35: Vaalbara

10:48: Ur

14:03: Kenorland

17:52: Arctica / Atlantica / Nena

20:46: Columbia (a.k.a. "Nuna")

23:35: Rodinia

29:05: Gondwana / Laurasia

31:22: Pangea

34:13: Pangea Proxima?

As rich and life-supporting as the Earth is today, it was once nothing more than a column of dust, dancing in a scorched cyclone of gas. And just how we as humans managed to emerge from this ancient dust makes up the topic of this video today. So join us, as we wind the cosmic clock backwards almost five billion years, from you and I in the present, all the way back to the birth of the solar System, back to when Earth was nothing more than a burning, barren wasteland.

SOUNDTRACK:

The music in this video was created by Scott Buckley and CO.AG Music, their respective tracks are listed below:

Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/

- Undertow: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/undertow/

- Moonlight: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/moonlight/

- Machina: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/?s=machina

- This Too Shall Pass: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/this-too-shall-pass/

- Celestial: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/celestial/

- She Moved Mountains: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/she-moved-mountains/

CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823

- Lufian Sky (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/LLmuc12sS7g

- Dim Light Documentary Music (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/DKV7Lfda2NM

- Lost Time Edit Mix (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/18R8o8J7GMU

- Dream That Summer Dream (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/5jARlSfkVv4

- Another Time, Another Space, Another Place (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/kABg8lGVo28

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Welcome

01:36: Formation of Earth

05:41: Hydrothermal Vents

07:57: The First Lifeforms

10:24: Great Oxidation Event

13:21: Eukaryotes

14:52: Multicellular Lifeforms

19:06: Early Cambrian Creatures

21:21: The Age of Fish

24:54: The First Amphibians

27:24: Pangaea: The Supercontinent

30:40: The Great Die-Off

33:38: The Rule of Dinosaurs

36:16: The Asteroid Extinction

39:10: First Humans

42:09: Closing Statements

Do we live in a cosmic void? It might sound like an odd question, but it’s something scientists have debated for decades. Does the Milky Way exist in a region of low cosmic density which is warping our view of the local universe as a result? The answer goes far deeper than you probably realise- and it’s just one of the many perplexing mysteries we’ll be diving into during this video, where voids and supervoids take centre stage.

SOUNDTRACK:

The music tracks in this video were composed by Enzo Orefice, a royalty-free music creator. In order of appearance they are:

- “Psyconaut”

- “Submerged In Silence”

- “Borealis Glow”

- “Timeless Flow”

- “Void Waves”

- “Stellar Winds”

Artist: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: You Live in a Supervoid

05:55: The Local Void

09:22: Boötes Void

12:06: The Dipole Repeller

15:54: The Mystery of the Cold Spot

23:12: Evolving Dark Energy

28:51: Future Efforts to Study Voids

Lying at the cores of most large galaxies, do we find the “largest” type of object in the universe- a supermassive “engine” black hole. They almost always have masses many millions of times that of the sun, while the biggest grow to tens of billions. Exactly what was responsible for seeding these great engines, and building up their immense sizes, is a challenge only the James Webb Telescope can rise to.

MUSIC:

The majority of tracks in this video are royalty-free tracks from Storyblocks. Exceptions are listed.

- The Second One | Enzo Orefice

- Falling | Elfiz

- Haunting Atmospheric Si-Fi Sounds… | Gerardo Garcia Jr

- Meditation Vibes | Sleeping Ghost

- Voice | Elfiz

- Incarnation | Scott Buckley Scott Buckley’s track can be found on his website: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/2024/10/new-library-track-incantation/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: The Most Massive Objects

01:48: The Cosmic Dawn

05:33: Primordial Black Holes

07:02: Direct Collapse

09:07: Distant Supermassive Black Holes

13:35: Webb Telescope’s Findings

16:34: The Biggest Black Holes

21:31: The Distant Future

23:12: The End of the Universe

25:13: Hawking Radiation

28:22: Exploding Black Holes!

Laced within the cold, desolate swathes of the space between stars, lie myriad orphaned planets not tethered to a particular system. They are lost worlds floating in the dark, and there are likely tens of billions in the Milky Way galaxy alone. Today, we will journey through the galaxy in search of these lost worlds in the darkness of interstellar space, and sometimes even, intergalactic space.

SOUNDTRACK (In order of appearance):

- Guided Meditation | Jon Presstone

- A Creepy Atmospheric | Unknown, Storyblocks Media

- Alkaidia Obscured Calls | Bzur

- Curve | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/3uYCzfzmh68?si=3fRFV9NNxM7y6V3y)

- Crystal Ray (Cinematic Ambient) | Park Randoux

- Ethereal Light Waves | Jon Presstone

- Transcendent Bliss | Jon Presstone

- The Slow Passage of Time | Jon Presstone

- A New Galaxy | Jayson Wayne Brown

CO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

CHAPTERS:

00:00: In the Space Between Stars…

02:00: Rogue Planets

07:19: Failed Stars

09:26: James Webb Telescope’s JUMBO Discovery

13:31: Sedna

16:05: ETNOs

19:07: Planet 9?

22:22: How was Planet 9 Lost?

25:30: The Ongoing Search for Planet 9

28:23: A New Candidate?

The universe as we experience it is rendered by myriad physical processes and interactions, but they all can be boiled down to one of four fundamental forces of nature. Gravity is one of these fundamental interactions, while the visible light we observe makes up part of another. And by understanding all four, we can gage comprehensive insights into our reality, from its tiniest particles to its largest galaxies.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Lavender | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/9CI7_qZay8g?si=RmeHPTy7QCgMvz3W)

- Dark Undertones | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/nk6UosTVZZ8?si=OmDZIatdv5k_oDqK)

- Haunted Cave | Efliz (Storyblocks Media)

- Lucid | Michael Vignola (Storyblocks Media)

- Abandoned Town | Efliz (Storyblocks Media)

- Awareness Fades First Movent | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/NIh86kMK91U?si=Oqv7RsxupKDtrFQo)

- Deep Meditation | Giuseppe Rizzo (Storyblocks Media)

- Dreaming Blue | Sextile (YouTube Audio Library)

- Her Eyes Just Shine | Humans Win (Storyblocks)

Check out CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Four Fundamental Forces

03:14: The Nature of Gravity

07:06: The Grand Unified Force

10:37: Electroweak Epoch

13:06: The Strong Force

16:38: The Weak Force

19:27: Neutrinos & the Lepton Epoch

23:51: Let There Be Light

28:28: The Radio Spectrum

30:55: Optical Wavelengths

36:30: Ionizing Radiation

40:33: The End

What is the Sound of Space? The idea that it is a silent vacuum, completely devoid of any noise, is somewhat a misconception. And though sound as humans hear it can't travel in space, there are several way in which we can extract the anthems of the cosmos. And in this video, we'll be doing just that, as we embark on a journey of Sound in Space.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Uranus Sounds: https://youtu.be/yXfJG1gs3b4?si=zbgOABUBuLOtufgO

- The Neptune Sounds: https://youtu.be/rwnpXll_A_E?si=sxZqKfccykjGixWZ

- Jupiter Sounds (So Strange): https://youtu.be/e3fqE01YYWs?si=hIYAcZF1U7mRMMpY

- Saturn: https://youtu.be/eVfkW9oxhIk?si=1w8tIgRNir342LvF

- "Carpe Diem" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/iuMBV3j55-I?si=gGwaRE5Hsgxm40rU

- "Scrooge Ice Mix" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/C9jFL_6raL8?si=kKR-3t6i46kGJF7d

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

- "Does it Exist or Do I Have to Create It" - Chris Zabriskie (Creative Commons Licence 4.0)

Link: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/track/does-it-exist-or-do-i-have-to-create-it

Artist: https://www.chriszabriskie.com/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: A Journey of Sound

01:17: Sound in Science

06:14: Whistler-Mode Waves

08:51: Sound of the Sun

11:25: Sounds from Terrestrial Planets

14:38: Sounds from Giant Worlds

17:48: Voyager Sounds from Deep Space

19:36: Pulsars

21:54: Gravity Waves

25:06: Sonifications of Visual Data

31:52: The True "Sound" of the Universe

Are we living in a multiverse? If so, where are all the other universes? Scientists and philosophers have pondered these questions for centuries, as they contemplated the possibility of parallel universes. The multiverse theory is not often discussed by cosmologists, due to its speculative and untestable nature. However, there are myriad different interpretations depicting how a multiverse might manifest, some of which we may be detectable within our own universe. So buckle up, because in this video we will be leaving the galaxy entirely, as we take on the biggest question of them all- the question of whether our universe is the only one.

SOUNDTRACK (In Order):

1. Cold Aegean Waters | Humans Win

2. Meditative Bliss | Humans Win

3. Wholesome Waves | Humans Win

4. Blue Aukai | Humans Win

5. Zen Garden Whispers | Humans Win

6. Mindfulness Focus Meditation Podcast | Music Media Group

7. Calming Ombre | Humans Win

8. Shadows and Dust (Scott Buckley)

The track by Scott Buckley was provided via a Creative Commons Attribution licence, which allows reuse where credit is given. Scott Buckley's website and library can be found at the following link: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au

CHAPTERS:

00:00: The Biggest Question of Them All

03:08: Infinite Cosmos (Level 1 Multiverse)

06:53: Cosmic Inflation

10:09: Post-Inflationary Bubbles (Level 2)

12:46: Cyclical Multiverse (Level 2)

16:45: Fecund Multiverse (Level 2)

20:27: String Theory Landscape (Level 2)

24:15: Quantum Theory

26:52: Quantum Multiverse (Level 3)

29:17: Mathematical Multiverse (Level 4)

31:24: Simulated Reality (Level 4)

In the late 1960s, a series of anomalous, repeating radio sources began cropping up all over the Milky Way galaxy, and though initially speculated to be messages from aliens, we soon learned that they are Pulsars, a rapidly rotating neutron star emitting high volumes of radiation. In this video, we will revisit these extreme, dense objects, as the final gateway faced by matter before it collapses into a black hole. This is the insane science of neutron stars.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Jokulls Loom (Storyblocks)

- Be Here Now (Storyblocks)

- Serenity (Storyblocks)

- Falling Through a Dream (Storyblocks)

- Sleep for Wellness (Storyblocks)

- Peaceful Background Pad (Storyblocks)

- Halloween in a Haunted House (Storyblocks)

- Underworld (Storyblocks)

- Dramatic Ambient Cinematic Music (Storyblocks)

- Monomyth, The Fall (Scott Buckley): https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/the-fall/

- Ambient Water (Storyblocks)

- The Natural Ambient (Storyblocks)

The track by Scott Buckley was provided via a Creative Commons Attribution licence, which allows reuse where credit is given. Scott Buckley's website and library can be found at the following link: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au

CHAPTERS:

00:00: The Crab Nebula

01:55: How is a Neutron Star Formed?

07:24: Radio Pulsars

11:18: X-Ray Binary Pulsars

13:24: Millisecond Pulsars

16:51: Magnetars

20:42: Starquakes

23:49: When Neutron Stars Collide

29:09: Quark Stars

32:23: Strange Stars

36:03: Thorne-Zytkow Objects

How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? The answers to all of these questions are the many collisions that ravaged the early Solar System. Each of our neighbouring worlds bears scars which echo their violent past, from the many craters of the moon's battered surface, to the sideways rings of the planet Uranus. And in this video, we will examine a number of the most significant collisions, which each played a pivotal role in building up the Solar System as we know it today.

SOUNDTRACK:

- The Ghost of Aberbeeg | CO.AG Music

- Edge of Silence, Ambient Sounds 06 | CO.AG Music

- Balefire | Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music

- Short Song 011023 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music

- Short Song 020823 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music

- Speak to Me | CO.AG Music

CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823

Scott Buckley Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au

Chris Zabriskie Music: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:37: The Terrestrial Planets

03:33: Collision that Formed the Moon

06:07: Giant Impact Hypothesis

09:42: What Happened to Mercury?

13:37: Late Heavy Bombardment

16:45: What Rammed into Uranus?

20:32: The Dwarf Planet

23:43: Pluto & Charon's Moons

27:25: Sputnik Planitia

32:58: Closing

The Sun... both the giver of life, and destroyer of worlds. Host of the eight planets, and incubator of Earth with its light and heat. Yet in spite of its brilliance, the true nature of the sun's power remains shrouded in mystery, with scientists unable to explain many of the processes playing out in its atmosphere. But in 2024, NASA will attain their closest glimpse of the sun so far, as they come just five million miles from its surface, diving into the stellar Nether Zone, to "touch" the sun itself.

BACKGROUND TRACK:

"Christmas Ambience" by CO.AG Music

Song: https://youtu.be/e23_O1koRiA?si=5gebdLo6tpmIQpY3

Artist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Welcome...

01:45: Anatomy of the Sun

05:03: The Coronal Mystery

08:21: Space Weather & the Solar Cycle

11:59: Geomagnetic Storms

15:31: The Carrington Event

18:38: A Geomagnetic Storm in 2024?

22:20: Missions to Study Space Weather

25:02: The Parker Solar Probe

30:28: Parker's 2024 Mission

It's been more than half a century since humans last went to the Moon. But we will return before the decade is up, through NASA's revolutionary Artemis Program. But unlike its ancestral Apollo Program, Project Artemis is about more than just landing astronauts on the lunar surface. Its endgame is to enable us to stay there, and keep going back to a semi-permanent surface habitat- all in preparation for NASA's yet more ambitious, daunting endeavour of the 2030s- to reach the Red Planet, Mars.

SOUNDTRACK:

"Finding Direction" - CO.AG Music

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xptr7cYeDBA)

"Her Smile Feeding the Cold Earth" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7gX08Ww6lY)

"Are You in Here With Us?" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68e7Yqt0q_Q)

"Floating Through Black" - Boomer (Storyblocks Media)

"Echoes" - Enzo Orefice (Storyblocks Media)

"Nightlife" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PE2XxNWj0M)

"Enchanted Winds" - Humans Win (Storyblocks Media)

"Still" - Humans Win (Storyblocks Media)

"Meditation Yoga Ambient" - Watermello (Storyblocks Media)

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic
CHAPTERS:

00:00: Artemis II

02:15: Road to the Moon Landing

07:09: The Apollo Program

13:31: The New Space Race

18:00: The Artemis Program

21:32: Artemis III

23:22: Artemis IV: The Next Moon Landing

26:04: Moon to Mars