The Uncertainty Podcast

The brilliant Substacker Both Sides Brigade joins me for a discussion about three hot topics in our corner of the philosophy of religion internet: the omission theodicy, the miracle case for Catholicism, and the doctrine of eternal conscious torment.Check out Brian Cutter and Philip Swenson's defense of the archon abandonment theodicy, as well as Brian Cutter's paper on Hell and justice.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:06:32 The Archon abandonment theodicy explained

00:12:09 Natural evil and the free will defense

00:16:42 The expected costs of Archon failure

00:26:35 Divine foreknowledge and God's failure to intervene

00:34:04 The epistemology of Catholic miracles

00:41:56 Padre Pio's stigmata and carbolic acid

00:46:07 Divine hiddenness and conflicting miracle evidence

00:53:19 The miracle of Calanda and the restored leg

00:59:46 Fátima and the miracle of the sun

01:08:29 Eternal conscious torment and its defenders

01:14:31 Can Catholic miracles justify eternal conscious torment?

01:24:19 The noetic effects of sin and moral skepticism

01:34:09 Can hell be good for those in it?

01:42:05 Can eternal punishment involve finite suffering?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Noah McKay, a philosophy Ph.D. student at Princeton, joins me to discuss his recent conversation to Catholicism, Catholic miracle evidence, whether the Bible predicts a succession of popes, and Catholic sexual ethics.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:53 From Protestantism to Catholicism: the initial case

00:02:24 Craig Keener and the evidence for Christian miracles

00:04:35 Fine-tuning, the resurrection, and other arguments for Christianity

00:05:33 How Joe Schmid helped change his theological views

00:07:13 Marian apparitions, Eucharistic miracles, and Catholicism

00:11:18 Overcoming objections to Catholic theology and history

00:14:26 Why Noah initially rejected the papacy

00:16:24 The biblical case for papal authority

00:22:19 Scripture, tradition, and divine revelation

00:24:21 Does the papacy preserve Christian unity and truth?

00:30:11 Peter, Paul, and the case for apostolic succession

00:48:10 Can the Catholic Church really claim to preserve unity?

01:06:08 How strong is the evidence for Catholic miracles?

01:14:00 Can miracles override moral and philosophical objections?

01:19:07 Catholic sexual ethics, moral intuitions, and disagreement

01:32:37 What philosophical position is Noah most uncertain of?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Mike Titelbaum, author of the two-volume "Fundamentals of Bayesian Epistemology," dissects the use of probability in philosophy, philosophy of religion, science, and everyday life. We do, of course, discuss my recent discussion with John Norton and the material theory of induction.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:11 What is Bayesianism?

00:05:21 Must credences have precise numerical values?

00:07:16 Imprecise credence and comparative confidence

00:14:27 Bayesianism and Norton’s material theory of induction

00:20:02 Can we assign probabilities to the universe’s initial conditions?

00:28:57 Fine-tuning and the principle of indifference

00:35:13 Objective versus subjective Bayesianism

00:39:20 Must rational beliefs obey the probability axioms?

00:47:01 Incommensurability and alternative models of credence

00:55:06 Can Bayesianism evaluate evidence for God?

00:59:08 How probability theory illuminates evidential support

01:03:03 Everyday probability versus mathematical probability

01:07:55 Does subjective Bayesianism entail skepticism?

01:19:46 What is Titelbaum most uncertain about?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Emily Adlam discusses the problems facing several interpretations of quantum mechanics: principal among them, the probability problem. Prepare for discussion of self-locating credences, branch-counting, and whether a mechanism deposits consciousness throughout the branching wavefunction of the universe.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:52 The problem of recovering empirical confirmation

00:04:47 The many-worlds interpretation

00:07:01 The measurement problem

00:08:42 The probability problem in many-worlds

00:12:06 The decision-theoretic approach to probability

00:16:33 Self-locating evidence and Everettian quantum mechanics

00:19:20 Pure vs. superficial self-locating credence

00:25:08 Can the Born rule constrain self-locating credence?

00:30:15 Interpretations vs. theories of quantum mechanics

00:34:51 Can we save science from quantum mechanics?

00:44:30 What happened to the Copenhagen interpretation?

00:46:45 What do physicists believe about quantum mechanics?

00:48:27 The anthropic argument for God

00:56:22 Multiverses, fine-tuning, and self-locating evidence

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

In the hundredth episode of this podcast, I discuss the use, and misuse, of probability in science and philosophy with John Norton. Prepare for a contentious conversation about fundamental issues in probability theory, induction, and cosmic fine-tuning. This one does not disappoint.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:00:30 Formal vs. material theories of induction

00:04:58 Does material induction make induction redundant?

00:11:15 Bayesianism vs. the material theory

00:16:47 Can we say evolution is “probably” true?

00:19:23 Evidential support without probabilities

00:23:16 Can Bayesianism capture inference to the best explanation?

00:25:00 The outcome space dispute

00:29:47 Probability and the danger of false precision

00:31:03 The simulation argument and misapplied probability

00:35:39 The doomsday argument and self-locating evidence

00:38:33 Objective vs. subjective Bayesianism

00:43:36 The bootstrapping problem for probability

00:50:53 Probability in cosmology and the multiverse

00:57:59 Does inflation make our universe more probable?

01:00:19 What is John Norton most uncertain about?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Tim Mawson, professor of philosophy at Oxford, discusses the contours of the newly emerging philosophical investigation into the meaning of life. What does it mean to say that life's meaning is subjective versus objective? Would life be meaningful if we were immortal? And what difference does God make, and not make, to whether life means anything?

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:02:55 Open theism and God's relationship to time

00:11:09 Returning to the meaning of life

00:12:06 Why philosophers neglected the meaning of life

00:15:48 What does it mean for life to have meaning?

00:19:20 Objectivism, subjectivism and hybrid theories

00:28:23 Objective meaning, subjective states and purpose

00:35:00 Can there be no meaning to life?

00:39:47 What can God add to life's meaning?

00:43:25 Vocation, purpose and meaningfulness

00:50:50 Does God give some people more meaningful lives?

00:59:20 Death, immortality and the meaning of life

01:00:25 Would eternal life become unbearably boring?

01:07:48 Does infinite time destroy urgency?

01:13:23 Would praising God forever become boring?

01:18:14 What God cannot add to life's meaning

01:21:55 Can God's existence make a life less meaningful?

01:24:18 What is the meaning of life?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Kevin Scharp comes back on the podcast to discuss William Lane Craig’s eight-part case for the existence of God: contingency, cosmology, mathematics, fine-tuning, consciousness, morality, miracles, and experience.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:20 Behind the scenes: Kevin vs. William Lane Craig

00:14:11 Craig on probability & inference to the best explanation

00:23:07 Divine psychology and fine-tuning

00:27:06 Argument #1 - Contingency

00:43:30 Does everything need an explanation?

00:49:48 Argument #2 - Kalam cosmological argument

00:51:35 Actual infinity and Hilbert’s Hotel

01:03:06 Argument #3 - Fine-tuning

01:09:53 What does the Big Bang actually tell us?

01:11:53 Divine psychology

01:27:08 Argument #4 - Applicability of mathematics

01:35:08 Argument #5 - Consciousness

01:40:47 Does consciousness really get us to God?

01:45:41 Argument #6 - Morality

01:54:43 Argument #7 - The resurrection of Jesus

01:58:27 Miracles and the laws of nature

02:08:25 Argument #8 - Experience of God

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Ralph Weir answers all my questions about the mind-body problem, how we define "physical," whether I can conceive of philosophical zombies, and where panpsychism fits into all this.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:02:35 How Ralph got into philosophy of mind

00:05:52 Eliminativism: do mental states exist?

00:09:00 What is illusionism?

00:10:56 What is phenomenal consciousness?

00:17:53 What are qualia?

00:21:33 What does “physical” actually mean?

00:29:03 Is panpsychism a form of physicalism?

00:35:45 Mapping the mind-body problem

00:45:16 Property dualism vs. substance dualism

00:53:10 What is the strongest case against physicalism?

01:00:32 Philosophical zombies and modal skepticism

01:10:23 Can science settle the mind-body problem?

01:18:20 Mental causation and physical anomalies

01:22:31 Does the evidence favor physicalism?

01:34:07 Which philosophical view is Ralph most uncertain about?

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You do NOT want to miss this debate on the perennial question that human beings have wondered about for thousands of years: does God exist? Josh presents both a cumulative case for theism, as well as his signature argument from arbitrary limits. Mike presents his novel argument against God's infinite attributes.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:48 Joshua Rasmussen’s opening statement

00:17:05 Michael Huemer’s opening statement

00:33:26 Moderated discussion begins

00:35:43 Infinity and the nature of God

00:45:18 What grounds an eternal reality?

00:48:13 God, consciousness, and omniscience

00:54:18 Platonism, infinity, and the digits of π

01:01:18 Can God have unlimited power?

01:07:29 Does theism best explain reality?

01:14:08 Fine-tuning and the multiverse

01:20:27 Does a multiverse actually explain life?

01:26:39 Suffering and the problem of evil

01:32:56 Closing statements

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Emily McRae, professor of philosophy at the University of New Mexico, offers an overview of Buddhist philosophy. In particular, we discuss the different traditions within Buddhism - Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, and Zen - the doctrine of emptiness, the Four Noble Truths, and the ontology of Nirvana: annihilation, eternal bliss, or a state of mind in the here and now?

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:02:55 Moral ignorance in Buddhist philosophy

00:06:47 What drew Emily to Buddhist philosophy?

00:10:36 Analytic philosophy vs. Buddhist philosophy

00:13:41 What kind of ethical theory is Buddhism?

00:21:26 Is Buddhism a religion or a philosophy?

00:24:37 The major schools of Buddhism

00:29:56 Emptiness and the Buddhist theory of the self

00:37:47 Why the Buddha refused to answer some questions

00:43:02 The Four Noble Truths

00:46:01 The first Noble Truth: suffering

00:51:04 The second Noble Truth: the causes of suffering

00:53:43 The third Noble Truth: the end of suffering

00:56:10 What is nirvana?

01:00:14 Does Buddhism ultimately teach annihilation?

01:07:15 Buddhism vs. Christianity on desire

01:12:18 The fourth Noble Truth: the Eightfold Path

01:16:16 What reason is there to believe Buddhism is true?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

In my recent discussion with Ethan Muse, he made a case for the compatibility of God's perfect love and the doctrine of eternal conscious torment. Randal Rauser returns to the channel to respond. Are we far more wicked than we realize? Does any sin merit infinite punishment? What should we do if we struggle with fear of eternal hell? We discuss these questions and much else besides.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:02:06 Randal’s approach to YouTube

00:03:08 Initial reactions to Ethan Muse’s defense of hell

00:08:34 Is the problem emotional or intellectual?

00:16:07 The authority of the Catholic Church

00:22:16 The three Christian views of hell

00:25:00 Are human beings wicked enough to deserve hell?

00:31:02 Does every sin merit infinite punishment?

00:36:29 Moral culpability and ignorance

00:43:08 Is rejecting God an infinitely serious sin?

00:47:08 Will most people go to hell?

00:53:19 Would creation be a net moral failure?

00:56:30 Did Jesus teach eternal conscious torment?

01:03:29 The central moral argument against eternal hell

01:07:18 Do the noetic effects of sin undermine moral intuition?

01:12:19 Should we trust the moral judgment of Catholic saints?

01:20:48 Does moral disagreement undermine our intuitions?

01:24:07 Different degrees of suffering in hell

01:28:16 How should Christians cope with the fear of hell?

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

This week's interview features...me! I have finally gotten around to answering all the questions you sent me when we hit 3,000 subscribers. Yes, this video is v late. Yes, it is v worth the watch. Prepare for a more informal, cheeky side of me.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:00:20 Which guest has challenged you the most?

00:01:12 Are the fundamental constants independent?

00:02:44 What are your hobbies outside philosophy?

00:03:49 Were you ever an atheist?

00:03:52 Why is there something rather than nothing?

00:05:18 Have you ever considered becoming a model?

00:05:22 How much do you think about modality?

00:05:52 Have you ever had a religious experience?

00:06:13 What are the best arguments for theism?

00:07:27 What are the chances that universalism is true?

00:08:16 Were you always smart?

00:08:19 Paul Draper’s understated evidence objection

00:10:50 Will theism grow among philosophers?

00:11:43 An empirical approach to religion

00:12:42 The aesthetic argument for God

00:13:55 Will philosophy ever abandon materialism?

00:15:08 How have your views on theism evolved?

00:17:45 Is universalism true or theism false?

00:18:44 What is your journal acceptance rate?

00:18:57 What do you think about TAG?

00:19:27 How can someone find their life’s purpose?

00:20:00 Does universalism weaken the problem of evil?

00:21:56 What makes you doubt Christianity?

00:23:50 Has Paul Draper weakened your theism?

00:25:34 Which dead philosophers would you speak to?

00:27:46 Do theistic arguments depend on modality?

00:29:30 Where do you hope to be in ten years?

00:29:38 What if fine-tuning gave no support to theism?

00:29:54 Why does God exist?

00:31:02 Can you publish without a philosophy degree?

00:31:19 What does it mean to exist?

00:32:09 Are theistic arguments more technically vulnerable?

00:34:32 Who are you?

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Philosopher Kevin Scharp discusses his experience working with A.I. agents, and what it portends for the future.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

To support the channel, do please oh please consider donating, either via PayPal or Buy Me a Coffee.

Follow me on X because you’re awesome.EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:10 What AI agents are

00:03:22 Why AI agents remain under the radar

00:06:07 Creating research-level AI agents

00:08:44 How AI agents work

00:11:06 Are AI agents conscious?

00:17:59 Have AI agents already achieved AGI?

00:21:40 Embodied agents and what comes next

00:24:57 Automation, unemployment, and social unrest

00:27:05 AI as an unprecedented capacity for harm

00:28:46 Could governance and AI rights slow development?

00:32:00 Has ChatGPT become less useful?

00:39:34 AI, human extinction, and theism

00:43:08 Does AI favor naturalism over theism?

00:46:35 How to live under existential uncertainty

00:49:31 Atheism, agnosticism, and changing your mind

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Lance Bush returns to the channel to discuss the need for empirical research in philosophy, whether philosophers even want to find the answers to their questions, and, of course, phenomenal conservatism (which is true, btw).

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:03:12 Common mistakes in student writing

00:06:54 Brevity and writing as a craft

00:09:34 Why Lance pursued psychology over philosophy

00:13:58 Studying moral language empirically

00:20:03 What psychology reveals about philosophical practice

00:24:59 A pragmatic theory of meaning

00:31:22 Does philosophy differ from science?

00:43:37 Why philosophers disagree

00:47:40 Could philosophy ever be solved?

00:56:31 Bias and the David Enoch debate

01:00:31 Competing philosophical starting points

01:05:58 Heterodox views and accusations of contrarianism

01:08:43 Debate mistakes and the possibility of a rematch

01:11:46 Michael Huemer and future conversations

01:13:39 Phenomenal conservatism

01:16:22 Epistemic blank checks

01:20:03 Defeaters and the psychology of seemings

01:24:57 Pragmatism and philosophical goals

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Ethan Muse and I spar over the problem of evil, cosmic fine-tuning, infallible popes, and the doctrine of eternal conscious torment.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:44 Rutgers, philosophy, and Catholic apologetics

00:05:08 Ethan’s path into philosophy

00:09:52 The goal of doing philosophy

00:13:52 Ethan’s conversion to Catholicism

00:17:55 Doubts, confidence, and the problem of evil

00:23:45 Miracle evidence and outweighing evil

00:25:04 Fine-tuning and theism

00:28:48 Frequency data, design, and Bayesianism

00:33:43 Mini-verses and apparent design

00:38:20 What fine-tuning means

00:41:04 Apparent design and fragile harmony

00:46:38 The infrared bullseye analogy

00:51:29 Design, stalking horses, and naturalism

00:59:56 Priors, bare theism, and Bayesian machinery

01:04:53 Papal infallibility and alleged counterexamples

01:11:36 Eternal hell and Catholic doctrine

01:19:46 Moral intuition against eternal torment

01:22:42 Saints, sin, and moral authority

01:30:12 Moral progress and Catholic tradition

01:32:57 Moral disagreement and final thoughts

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Michael Huemer, philosopher at U.C. Boulder, joins me for a wide-ranging discussion of arguments for and against the existence of God, with special focus on his new argument for atheism: the impossibility of an infinite God. Check out Mike’s book, Knowledge, Value, and Reality: A Mostly Common Sense Guide to Philosophy.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:42 Huemer’s research on consciousness

00:05:42 Could LLMs be conscious?

00:08:11 Physicalism and consciousness

00:14:36 Why physicalism became so popular

00:17:16 Metaphysics and scientific evidence

00:21:01 Could God be empirically detected?

00:23:37 Why Huemer is agnostic

00:25:48 Philip Goff’s limited God

00:27:23 Can a limited God explain evil?

00:36:03 Divine psychology and skeptical theism

00:38:37 Can theism make predictions?

00:46:54 Scientific confirmation and theistic arguments

00:51:59 Which theistic arguments fail?

00:53:14 The ontological argument

00:58:06 The modal ontological argument

01:01:03 Necessary beings and modal intuitions

01:07:23 The Kalam cosmological argument

01:08:54 Could time have a beginning?

01:12:22 Can God create time?

01:18:22 Cosmology and the Big Bang

01:23:48 Actual and potential infinities

01:26:00 Huemer’s new argument for atheism

01:29:28 Divine infinity and omniscience

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Is it even possible to have empirical evidence for God's existence? What if the stars realigned to spell out "I exist! Sincerely, God." Wouldn't THAT count as evidence for God? It seems that the answer is yes. But then, various objections to arguments for God seem to imply that even this extravagant, awesome evidence for God would not be any evidence whatsoever for theism. To many philosophers, that implication implies that these objections prove too much, and must therefore fail. In this debate, eight philosophers go head-to-head over these fascinating questions.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS

00:00:00 Introduction

00:02:10 Miles Donahue’s opening statement

00:07:46 Brian Cutter’s opening statement

00:13:16 Noah McKay’s opening statement

00:18:30 Travis Dumsday’s opening statement

00:23:30 Paul Draper’s opening statement

00:29:15 Alex Malpass’s opening statement

00:35:18 Nathan Bray’s opening statement

00:40:41 Kevin Scharp’s opening statement

00:47:15 Miles Donahue’s cross-examination

01:03:22 Alex Malpass’s cross-examination

01:20:15 Brian Cutter’s cross-examination

01:33:41 Nathan Bray’s cross-examination

01:49:03 Paul Draper’s cross-examination

02:01:21 Travis Dumsday’s cross-examination

02:10:54 Kevin Scharp’s cross-examination

02:24:49 Noah McKay’s cross-examination

Get full access to Miles K. Donahue at https://mileskdonahue.substack.com/subscribe

Matthew Vines, author of God and the Gay Christian: The Biblical Case in Support of Same-Sex Relationships, joins me to discuss the revised version of this now classic texts. Has Matt has changed his mind on any major issues? What, in the end, would Matt conclude if he determined that the Bible did prohibit same-sex relationships? Listen to find out!

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EPISODE CHAPTERS:

00:00:00 Introduction

00:00:05 What changed in God and the Gay Christian

00:03:28 Endnotes, footnotes, and writing for different audiences

00:05:02 How Matthew Vines’s views have changed

00:05:51 Romans 1 and female same-sex relations

00:07:48 Arsenokoitai, Malakoi, and Paul’s meaning

00:10:22 Same-sex marriage in the biblical world

00:13:45 To whom is the book written?

00:15:06 Expressive individualism and affirming theology

00:19:37 How the American church has changed

00:20:23 Affirming churches without guardrails

00:25:45 Conservative backlash and slippery slopes

00:27:55 Being between Christian and queer spaces

00:29:11 Queer theory, polyamory, and sexual orientation

00:30:55 Transgender Christians and biblical interpretation

00:34:48 Gender dysphoria, transition, and Christian ethics

00:39:08 What if the Bible prohibited same-sex marriage?

00:49:44 Moral intuition, inerrancy, and Jesus

01:00:05 Biblical authority, inspiration, and inerrancy

01:08:21 Where evangelical churches may be headed

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I discuss and debate the merits of drug-induced experiences for one's religious beliefs, the difference panpsychism makes, the distinction between God's essence and energies, and giant purple platypuses floating over New York City.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS

00:00:00 Introduction

00:00:32 What is 5-MeO-DMT?

00:02:07 Why Philip Goff tried toad venom

00:05:02 What the experience was like

00:07:13 Can you experience yourself not existing?

00:13:00 Was ego death terrifying?

00:17:03 William Lane Craig’s reaction

00:19:57 What is a structureless claim?

00:22:52 The content of mystical experience

00:25:39 Does 5-MeO-DMT support panpsychism?

00:33:15 Why trust a drug-induced experience?

00:40:08 Experience versus interpretation

00:43:54 Is Goff projecting panpsychism onto the experience?

00:46:03 What would defeat the experience?

00:51:25 How does this fit with Christianity?

00:57:19 Divine essence, energies, and simplicity

01:04:19 Why Christianity specifically?

01:08:26 Why not deism or another religion?

01:14:23 Does Goff believe in an afterlife?

01:16:43 Near-death experiences and consciousness

01:18:37 What is Goff most uncertain of?

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Talia Mae Bettcher and Tomas Bogardus join me to debate the question, "What is a woman?". Is gender biologically grounded, socially constructed, or something else entirely? If you're looking for a cordial and substantive exchange from two thinkers who fundamentally disagree on these issues, look no further.

Video of this interview is available on YouTube.

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EPISODE CHAPTERS

00:00:00 Introduction

00:01:17 Bogardus opening statement

00:02:03 Dictionaries and ordinary usage

00:03:41 The ambiguity view

00:07:09 The resistant concept of woman

00:08:12 Circularity and self-identification

00:11:23 The relevance objection to ambiguity

00:13:47 Non-human men and women

00:16:17 Bettcher opening statement

00:18:29 Woman as a philosophical question

00:19:44 Folk concepts and biological definitions

00:22:13 Folk concepts vs. theoretical concepts

00:24:45 Adult, human, and female

00:28:14 Open discussion begins

00:28:57 Bettcher on the ambiguity thesis

00:30:28 Family resemblance and trans womanhood

00:35:16 Political concepts and same-sex marriage

00:52:25 Are folk concepts biological?

00:57:47 Souls, bodies, and female identity

01:04:31 Twin Earth, Superman, and non-human men

01:13:13 Stone lions, Batman, and conceptual analysis

01:26:44 The husbandry argument

01:29:44 Sex, function, and biology

01:34:35 Why the question matters

01:39:44 Closing statements

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