Endo in a Bite

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on mealtime management with automated insulin delivery. Topics include precise carbohydrate counting, qualitative meal estimation, meal announcement strategies, user initiated bolus behavior, timing of mealtime boluses, carbohydrate entry before meals, injection trials before pump therapy, access to AID, C-peptide based restrictions, and strategies for optimizing AID performance and glycemic outcomes.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on the continuation of insulin pump and automated insulin delivery therapy during hospitalization and procedures. Topics include criteria for continuing conventional pump therapy, requirements for continued AID use, point of care glucose monitoring, transitioning to manual mode, sensor accuracy during illness, perioperative considerations, sensor compression, backup planning, and barriers to inpatient adoption of insulin pumps and AID systems.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on automated insulin delivery beyond standard type 1 diabetes care. Topics include AID use during pregnancy, pregnancy specific glucose targets, evidence from pregnancy trials, differences among AID systems, AID in type 2 diabetes, glycemic outcomes, high insulin requirements, cystic fibrosis related diabetes, pancreatic diabetes, and the current evidence and limitations of AID in these populations.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on automated insulin delivery. Topics include automated insulin delivery systems, the three main components of AID, hybrid closed loop function, meal related insulin dosing, temporary activity settings, standardized AID reports, prescribing and clinician training, manufacturer support, evidence in type 1 diabetes, AID as a standard of care option, use in older adults, functional assessment, patient selection, and requirements for safe and effective AID use.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on continuous glucose monitoring in the inpatient setting. Topics include the regulatory status of inpatient CGM, guideline support for continued personal sensor use during hospitalization, hybrid CGM and point of care glucose monitoring, clinical outcomes, factors that reduce CGM accuracy, medication related interference, CGM use during imaging, surgery, and other procedures, inpatient glucose targets, institutional requirements, and electronic health record integration.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Topics include pregnancy specific CGM targets, time in range and hypoglycemia thresholds, the role of CGM in type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, why glucose management indicator is not validated in pregnancy, evidence for maternal and neonatal outcomes, and CGM management during the postpartum and breastfeeding periods.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on continuous glucose monitoring across key patient populations. Topics include CGM use in insulin treated diabetes, non insulin treated type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, individualized management in CKD, compression lows, the lag between blood and interstitial glucose, and substances that may interfere with CGM accuracy.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement on the use of diabetes technology for management of adults with diabetes, focusing on continuous glucose monitoring fundamentals, CGM data quality, time in range targets, and glycemic variability. Topics include CGM components and interstitial glucose measurement, key glucose thresholds, the 5-25-70-4-1 CGM targets, hypoglycemia prioritization, coefficient of variation, time in tight range, glucose management indicator, GMI and laboratory A1C discordance, and individualized glucose targets.

In this episode, we review the major islet autoantibodies used in type 1 diabetes, focusing on GAD65 in adults, IAA in young children, IA-2 and progression risk, and ZnT8 for additional diagnostic sensitivity. Topics include antibody testing strategies, presymptomatic screening and staging, single versus multiple autoantibody positivity, type 1 diabetes stages, factors affecting antibody interpretation, and the role of C peptide in evaluating autoimmune diabetes.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for selecting glucose lowering therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes, focusing on cardiovascular, heart failure, kidney, liver, weight, hypoglycemia, adverse effect, and cost considerations. Topics include medication efficacy, cardiovascular and cardiorenal benefits, weight effects, MASLD and MASH, renal dosing, adverse effects, and individualized treatment selection.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for insulin management in adults with type 2 diabetes, focusing on the transition beyond basal insulin. Topics include recognizing overbasalization, initiating and titrating prandial insulin, basal bolus insulin therapy, hypoglycemia classification and treatment, glucagon prescribing, the role of CGM in identifying glucose patterns, premixed insulin therapy, and practical strategies for optimizing glycemic control while minimizing hypoglycemia.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for insulin management in adults with type 2 diabetes, focusing on basal insulin initiation and titration. Topics include selecting the initial basal insulin dose based on A1C, structured titration strategies, dose reduction for hypoglycemia, titration intervals for different basal insulin preparations, once weekly insulin icodec, recognition of overbasalization using glucose patterns and the BEAM score, and when to consider prandial insulin rather than further basal insulin escalation.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for insulin management in adults with type 2 diabetes. Topics include individualized glycemic targets, the role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), key CGM metrics and glycemic variability, recognition of severe hyperglycemia, when to initiate insulin, the role of GLP-1 based therapy before insulin in clinically stable patients, and practical strategies for optimizing insulin therapy while minimizing hypoglycemia.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for glucose centric management in adults with type 2 diabetes. Topics include identifying patients appropriate for a glucose centric approach, metformin as foundational therapy, individualized medication selection based on weight, hypoglycemia risk, cost and access, early combination therapy, management of severe hyperglycemia, appropriate insulin initiation, avoiding inappropriate incretin combinations, and practical strategies for treatment intensification and reducing therapeutic inertia.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) management in adults with type 2 diabetes. Topics include the epidemiology and diagnosis of MASLD, progression to metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), lifestyle interventions and weight loss goals, the role of resmetirom, GLP-1 receptor agonists, tirzepatide, pioglitazone, and SGLT2 inhibitors, and practical evidence based strategies to improve liver health and reduce cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic complications.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for stroke and transient ischemic attack management in adults with type 2 diabetes. Topics include stroke risk in type 2 diabetes, evidence supporting GLP-1 receptor agonists for stroke risk reduction, and cardiovascular outcomes with dulaglutide, liraglutide, injectable semaglutide, tirzepatide, and pioglitazone. We also discuss secondary stroke prevention in adults with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes, lower dose pioglitazone to improve tolerability, the limited role of SGLT2 inhibitors in stroke prevention, and practical evidence based strategies for reducing stroke risk in clinical practice.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement ASCVD management algorithm for adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Topics include cardiovascular risk reduction, major adverse cardiovascular events, and the evidence supporting GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for cardiovascular protection. We discuss semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, and the cardiovascular safety of DPP-4 inhibitors. We also review treatment recommendations for adults with established ASCVD or high cardiovascular risk, the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure and chronic kidney disease, and practical evidence based strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction in clinical practice.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for the management of chronic kidney disease in adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Topics include SGLT2 inhibitors as foundational renoprotective therapy, evidence based pharmacologic management of diabetic kidney disease, and strategies to reduce CKD progression, kidney failure, and cardiovascular events. We discuss canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, finerenone, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide and the FLOW trial, along with eGFR initiation thresholds, albuminuria guided treatment, and combination therapy for persistent residual kidney risk. We also review therapeutic sequencing, cardiorenal protection, monitoring of eGFR, albuminuria, and serum potassium, board relevant treatment recommendations, pivotal clinical trials, and high yield facts for ABIM certification, recertification, LKA, and clinical practice.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement algorithm for heart failure management in adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Topics include the foundational role of SGLT2 inhibitors, heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, and evidence based pharmacologic therapy. We discuss dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, sotagliflozin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and the role of semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide in different heart failure phenotypes. We also review medications that may worsen heart failure, including thiazolidinediones and selected DPP-4 inhibitors, therapeutic priorities for reducing hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality, and board relevant treatment recommendations, key clinical trials, and high yield facts to remember for exam preparation and clinical practice.

In this episode, we review the 2026 Consensus Statement hypertension algorithm for adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Topics include blood pressure targets, screening for secondary causes of hypertension, proper blood pressure measurement techniques, lifestyle interventions, and evidence based pharmacologic therapy. We discuss ACE inhibitors, ARBs, thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, resistant hypertension management, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists including spironolactone and finerenone, and the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors in blood pressure reduction. We also highlight board relevant treatment thresholds, cardiovascular risk reduction strategies, and key numbers to remember for exam preparation and clinical practice.